Revised Curriculum – HEC Graduate Education Policy 2023
Degree: Master of Laws (LLM)
Duration: 02 years (04 semesters)
Total Credit Hours: 32
Eligibility: LLB (5‑year after HSSC / 3‑year after BA/BSc / 4‑year after HSSC) with at least second class. Admission test (UGAT/GRE/HAT) 50% passing score.
To cultivate legal expertise and social responsibility through rigorous research, contributing to state harmony. We are committed to shape skilled legal scholars who champion justice and societal well‑being through research oriented program.
To be recognized as a centre of excellence for advanced legal education and scholarly legal research, committed to developing forward‑thinking legal minds who inspire progressive legal discourse, contemporary jurisprudence and uphold justice.
- Provide exposure to international legal systems and global legal practices.
- Develop scholars’ aptitude in legal research and provide a diverse curriculum blending foundational to advanced levels of law.
- Encourage thesis integrating research, critical thinking, and practical legal application leading towards comprehensive legal expertise.
- Emphasise social responsibility, encouraging graduates to use their legal expertise for the betterment of society and promotion of justice.
- 17 years of schooling (LLB 5‑year after HSSC / 3‑year after BA/BSc / 4‑year after HSSC) with at least second class.
- Admission test (UGAT) or GRE/HAT General with 50% passing score.
- Any other condition prescribed by the University from time to time.
Coursework for LLM degree: 26 credit hours coursework + minimum 6 credit hours research work/thesis.
| SEMESTER I | |||
| S. No | Course Code | Course Name | Credits |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ISL-711 | Fehm‑e‑Quran‑I (For Muslim Students)* | 1 (0-1) |
| 2 | LAW-712 | Research Methodology (Legal Research and Writings) | 3 |
| 3 | LAW-713 | Elective* | 3 |
| 4 | LAW-714 | Elective* | 3 |
| 5 | LAW-715 | Elective* | 3 |
| Total | 13 | ||
| SEMESTER II | |||
| S. No | Course Code | Course Name | Credits |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ISL-721 | Fehm‑e‑Quran‑II (For Muslim Students)* | 1 (0-1) |
| 2 | LAW-722 | Elective* | 3 |
| 3 | LAW-723 | Elective* | 3 |
| 4 | LAW-724 | Elective* | 3 |
| 5 | LAW-725 | Elective* | 3 |
| Total | 13 | ||
| THESIS – SEMESTERS III & IV | |||
| S. No | Course Code | Course Name | Credits |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | LAW-799 | Thesis | 6 |
| Grand Total Credit Hours | 32 | ||
| Categories | No. of Courses (Min‑Max) | Credit Hours (Min‑Max) |
|---|---|---|
| Compulsory Requirement (No choice) | 3 – 3 | 5 – 5 |
| Electives within the list provided (Semester I: 3, Semester II: 4) | 7 – 7 | 21 – 21 |
| Thesis | – | 6 – 6 |
| Total | 10 – 10 | 32 – 32 |
- Fehm‑e‑Quran‑I (For Muslim Students)* – 1 credit
- Research Methodology (Legal Research and Writings) – 3 credits
- Fehm‑e‑Quran‑II (For Muslim Students)* – 1 credit
- Administrative Law
- Alternate Dispute Resolution
- Banking Laws
- Corporate Crimes
- Corporate Law
- Comparative Constitutional Law
- Comparative Environmental Law
- Comparative Human Rights Law
- Comparative Securities Regulations
- Comparative Study of Western and Islamic Jurisprudence
- Conflict of Laws (Private International Law)
- Constitutional Law of Pakistan
- Criminology
- Cyber Laws and Artificial Intelligence Legislation
- Disaster Management Laws
- Energy Laws
- Human Rights Enforcement Systems
- Intellectual Property Laws
- International Commercial Law
- International Humanitarian Law
- Interpretation of Statutes
- Islamic Law of Business Transaction
- Jammu and Kashmir (Legal Status)
- Labor Laws
- Law and Politics
- Law and Society in South Asia
- Law of Evidence
- Law of International Organizations
- Law of Taxation
- Legal History of Pakistan and India
- Maritime Law (Shipping Law)
- Public International Law
- Refugee and Migration Laws
- Western Jurisprudence and Legal Theory
Course Description: Enhances writing, research and analytical skills of law students. Focuses on fundamental research strategies, identification and utilization of primary and secondary legal sources, modern tools for legal research, and ethical issues including plagiarism.
Learning Outcomes:
- Understand a variety of legal research sources (primary and secondary).
- Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of key principles and methodologies underpinning legal research.
- Foster a research‑oriented mindset for both theoretical and practical legal research.
- Develop effective legal writing skills, including structuring legal arguments and proper citation.
Topics of Study: Introduction to research; Introduction to legal research (doctrinal vs non‑doctrinal); Research design and methodology; Primary and secondary legal resources; Advanced legal research techniques; Critical analysis of legal sources; Legal writing skills; Citation and referencing (Chicago Manual of Style); Ethical issues in legal research.
Recommended Books: Putman & Albright, Legal Research and Writing; The Bluebook; Turabian, A Manual for Writers; Creswell, Research Design; Nyazee, Legal Research and Writings in Pakistan.
Understanding of Quranic Arabic, basic grammar, vocabulary, and comprehension of selected verses. Detailed course outline provided by the department as per HEC guidelines.
8.2.1 Administrative Law
Description: Comprehensive exploration of Administrative Law, sources, general principles, administrative acts, delegated legislation, administrative discretion, judicial review, natural justice, administrative tribunals, ombudsman, regulatory frameworks, and public accountability.
Learning Outcomes: Recall foundational principles; analyse delegated legislation and administrative discretion; evaluate judicial review and natural justice; develop advanced research and practical applications.
Topics: Introduction, sources, general principles, administrative act and function, delegated and subordinate legislation, administrative discretion and its judicial review, principles of natural justice, administrative courts and tribunals, remedies, ombudsman, regulatory frameworks, public accountability and transparency.
Recommended Books: Gellhorn et al., Administrative Law: A Contemporary Approach; Breyer et al., Administrative Law and Regulatory Policy; Anderson, Principles of Administrative Law; etc.
Description: Introduces ADR mechanisms, international frameworks, legal considerations, ADR legislation in Pakistan, application in commercial disputes, family law, investment disputes, enforcement of awards, comparative ADR practices, access to justice, cross‑border disputes, current issues and future trends.
Learning Outcomes: Recall key ADR concepts; apply analytical skills to legal and ethical considerations; analyse intersection with access to justice; evaluate effectiveness and propose innovative approaches.
Topics: Introduction, types of ADR mechanisms, international legal framework, UN Charter and ADR, ADR legislation in Pakistan, legal and ethical considerations, enforcement of ADR awards, ADR in commercial disputes, mediation in family law, arbitration in investment disputes, comparative ADR practices, ADR and access to justice, ADR and cross‑border disputes, current issues and future trends.
Recommended Books: Goldberg et al., Dispute Resolution; Coe et al., Arbitration Law; Fisher & Ury, Getting to Yes; etc.
Description: Explores key legislations: State Bank of Pakistan Act 1956, Banking Companies Ordinance 1962, Modarba Ordinance 1980, Financial Institutions (Recovery of Finances) Ordinance 2001, Negotiable Instruments Act 1881. Covers Islamic Banking, banking contracts, AML/CTF, banking technology, cross‑border banking, bankruptcy, and banking litigation.
Learning Outcomes: Recall foundational legislations; analyse AML/CTF and banking technology; evaluate effectiveness of banking laws; synthesise knowledge for advanced practice.
Topics: The State Bank of Pakistan Act 1956, Banking Companies Ordinance 1962, Modarba Ordinance 1980, Financial Institutions (Recovery of Finances) Ordinance 2001, Negotiable Instruments Act 1881, Islamic Banking and Finance, banking contracts, banking regulation, AML/CTF, banking and technology, cross‑border banking, bankruptcy and insolvency, banking litigation.
Description: Legal framework, liabilities, fraud, white‑collar crimes, corruption, bribery, corporate culture, ethical conduct, global perspectives, restitution, remedies, and corporate crimes in the digital age.
Learning Outcomes: Understand legal framework and liabilities; analyse corporate culture as preventive measure; evaluate global perspectives; prepare for advanced research in corporate crime and compliance.
Topics: Introduction, legal framework, liabilities, fraud and white‑collar crimes, corruption and bribery, corporate culture and ethical conduct, global perspectives, restitution and remedies, corporate crimes in the digital age.
Description: Contractual relationships, partnership, sale of goods, transportation, negotiable instruments, international commercial practices, stock exchanges, offences, UK commercial law, Uniform Commercial Code (USA).
Learning Outcomes: Understand legal aspects of selling/purchasing goods; apply contract law principles; analyse partnership frameworks; evaluate global business environment challenges.
Topics: Law of Contract, Partnership, Sale of Goods, Transportation of Goods, Negotiable Instruments Act, Uniform Commercial Code of USA, Commercial Law in UK, Stock Exchanges and their Regulation, Offences Relating to Stock Exchanges, Commercial Arbitration.
Description: Comparative study of constitutional laws of UK, USA, Pakistan, and India. Parliamentary and presidential forms, federalism, constitutional conventions, rule of law, due process, separation of powers, judicial review, fundamental rights, and political freedoms.
Learning Outcomes: Recall constitutional structures; apply critical analysis to practical implementation; evaluate diverse constitutional landscapes; foster nuanced appreciation of global constitutional governance.
Topics: Parliamentary and presidential government, federalism, constitutional conventions, rule of law, due process, independence of judiciary, judicial review, theories of constitutional interpretation, validation of laws, doctrine of necessity, separation of powers, right to life and liberty, right to property, freedom of speech, religion, equality, political freedoms.
Description: International environmental agreements (CITES, etc.), role of legal frameworks, enforcement agencies (HMIP, DOE, NRA, EC laws), Environmental Protection Act 1990, town and country planning, EIA, nitrate sensitive areas, marine protection, access to environmental information, sustainable development.
Learning Outcomes: Recall key international conventions; apply knowledge of integrated pollution control and waste management; evaluate access to environmental information; develop understanding of sustainable development.
Topics: International environmental law and conventions, role of law in environmental protection, models of environmental control, EPA 1990 Parts I & II, town and country planning, EIA, NSA Nitrate Sensitive Areas, marine protection, access to environmental information, sustainable development.
Description: Genesis of contemporary human rights law, Universal Declaration, constitutional frameworks of Pakistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia (Basic Law 1992), Israel; international covenants and optional protocols; role of national, regional and international organisations; comparative study of contemporary human rights issues.
Learning Outcomes: Recall fundamental principles; apply knowledge to evaluate international covenants; analyse organisational roles; evaluate effectiveness and limitations of legal frameworks.
Topics: Genesis of contemporary human rights law, Universal Declaration on Human Rights, Constitution of Pakistan and human rights, Constitution of Iran, Basic Law of KSA 1992, Constitution of Israel, covenant/charter provisions, international covenants and optional protocols, role of national/regional/international organisations, comparative contemporary issues.
Description: Security regulations in Pakistan, comparative examination with international practices; roles of SECP, UK Securities Commission, SEBI; IOSCO principles; emerging threats; constitutional provisions; legal and regulatory frameworks for essential services; compliance and enforcement.
Learning Outcomes: Understand security regulations in Pakistan; analyse roles of regulatory bodies; evaluate traditional and emerging security challenges; prepare for practical applications.
Topics: Introduction, SECP, Securities and Exchange Commission (UK), SEBI, IOSCO principles, emerging threats to national security, constitutional provisions, legal frameworks for essential services, compliance mechanisms, enforcement.
Description: Foundational principles of legal systems, constitutional frameworks, sources of law, judicial systems, legal pluralism, punishments, concept of Islamic law, reform initiatives.
Learning Outcomes: In‑depth understanding of foundational principles; proficiency in identifying primary and secondary sources in Islamic jurisprudence; evaluate reform initiatives; conduct sophisticated comparative analyses.
Topics: Foundation of legal systems, constitutional frameworks, sources of law, judicial systems and legal pluralism, punishments: kinds and objects, concept of Islamic law, reform initiatives.
Description: Legal principles governing cross‑border disputes: jurisdiction, choice of law, recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, choice of law in contracts, torts, family law, property and succession, public policy, harmonisation and international conventions.
Learning Outcomes: Comprehensive understanding of Private International Law; examine role of public policy; apply knowledge to complex cross‑border scenarios; develop critical thinking.
Topics: Introduction, jurisdiction and choice of law, recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, choice of law in contractual matters, tort, family law conflicts, property and succession issues, public policy and public order, harmonisation and international conventions.
Description: Fundamental principles and historical development of Pakistan’s constitution (1973), state structure, fundamental rights, judicial review, constitutional amendments, parliamentary process, case law analysis, AJK constitutional issues, minority rights, federalism, comparative perspectives.
Learning Outcomes: Robust understanding of constitutional framework; analyse structure of state and fundamental rights; expertise in amendments and case law; engage with contemporary reform debates.
Topics: Introduction, constitutional development in Pakistan, Constitution of 1973: key features, structure of state, fundamental rights and judicial review, constitutional amendments, case law analysis, parliament and legislative process, AJK constitutional amendments, judicial system, minority rights, federalism, comparative perspectives, contemporary reforms.
Description: Origin and nature of crime, types of criminals, principles of criminal liability, explanations of criminal behaviour, statutory penal offences, HADD and TAZEER, defences, objects and kinds of punishments, reformatory and preventive measures, criminal justice process, prison management, probation/parole, juvenile justice, transnational crimes.
Learning Outcomes: Recall origin and nature of crime; apply defences in diverse legal contexts; analyse objects of punishments; evaluate reformatory measures; develop critical thinking.
Topics: Origin and nature of crime, crime in Muslim law, types of criminals, criminal liability, explanations of criminal behaviour, statutory penal offences, offences in Muslim law, HADD vs TAZEER, defences, objects of punishments, kinds of punishments (Pakistan & Islam), reformatory and preventive measures, criminal justice process, correctional instructions, prison management, probation/parole, juvenile justice, criminology and religion, transnational crimes.
Description: Legal intricacies of cyberspace and AI; cyber security laws (national and international); data protection and privacy laws; IT and copyright; cybercrimes; electronic transactions and e‑commerce; regulatory challenges in emerging technologies; legal challenges in cyberspace and AI.
Learning Outcomes: Recall historical development of cyber laws; apply knowledge to navigate frameworks; evaluate implications of privacy laws and ISP liability; master cyber laws and AI legislation.
Topics: Introduction, historical development, computer and law, internet, legal framework for cyber security (international and national), data protection and privacy laws, information technology and copyright, cybercrimes and offenses, electronic transactions and e‑commerce laws, regulatory challenges, legal challenges in cyberspace and AI.
Description: Definition, types, phases of disasters, rehabilitation strategies, legal concepts, climate change intersection, international frameworks, human rights, finance control, role of agencies, implementation of international laws, technological implications.
Learning Outcomes: Recall key elements of disaster management laws; apply knowledge to finance control and resource distribution; evaluate international laws and technological implications; prepare for practical applications.
Topics: Introduction (definition, types), disaster management (pre/post phases, policies, rehabilitation), disaster management laws (historical development, international frameworks, national laws), laws at state level, international laws implementation, technological developments and legal implications, climate change and disaster management, finance control and accountability.
Description: Energy laws in Pakistan and globally: power generation, transmission, distribution, environmental considerations, energy contracts, dispute resolution, renewable energy policies, feed‑in tariffs, cross‑border projects, international arbitration.
Learning Outcomes: Recall key elements of energy laws; apply comparative perspectives; evaluate renewable energy policies; engage in international arbitration and emerging trends.
Topics: Introduction; legal framework for power generation; regulatory landscape for transmission and distribution; energy contracts and agreements; environmental and social impacts; dispute resolution; emerging trends (smart grids, digitalisation, energy storage); comparative global energy laws; renewable energy policies; feed‑in tariffs; international oil and gas contracts; cross‑border energy projects; international arbitration.
Description: Human rights principles (international and Pakistan), Pakistan’s commitment to international standards, national human rights framework (constitutional provisions, statutory mechanisms), judicial mechanisms, executive and legislative roles, role of NGOs and civil society, human rights violations and remedies, public awareness, technology and human rights.
Learning Outcomes: Recall human rights principles; apply knowledge to appreciate civil society contributions; evaluate national mechanisms; create empowerment for human rights advocacy.
Topics: Introduction, international human rights instruments, national human rights framework in Pakistan, judicial mechanisms, executive and legislative role, national and international human rights organisations, human rights violations and remedies, public awareness and education, human rights and technology.
Description: Principles and applications of IP law; international treaties and IP laws in Pakistan; patent, trademark, copyright law; IP enforcement and litigation; emerging issues (digital age); IP management and strategy; IP and international trade.
Learning Outcomes: Remember foundational principles; apply enforcement and litigation; evaluate emerging challenges; create understanding of IP and international trade.
Topics: Introduction, international treaties and IP laws in Pakistan, patent law, trademark law, copyright law, IP enforcement and litigation, emerging issues in intellectual property, IP in the digital age, IP management and strategy, IP and international trade, current trends and future developments.
Description: Legal frameworks governing global business transactions: international sale of goods, CISG, formation/enforcement of international contracts, payment and financing, cross‑border dispute resolution, international commercial arbitration, regulation of international business, intellectual property in international commerce, e‑commerce.
Learning Outcomes: Recall legal principles; apply knowledge to compliance; evaluate dispute resolution mechanisms; develop solid understanding of legal complexities of global commerce.
Topics: Introduction, international sale of goods (CISG), international contracts, payment and financing, cross‑border dispute resolution, international commercial arbitration, regulation of international business transactions, intellectual property in international commerce, e‑commerce and digital transactions.
Description: Legal principles governing armed conflicts; Islamic and Western history of IHL; sources and principles; Hague and Geneva laws and additional protocols; conduct of hostilities; occupation and detention; implementation and enforcement; protection of humanitarian workers; contemporary challenges.
Learning Outcomes: Recall key principles; apply legal frameworks for protection of civilians; evaluate accountability mechanisms; create comprehensive understanding of IHL.
Topics: Introduction, Islamic and Western history of IHL, sources and principles, Hague and Geneva laws and additional protocols, conduct of hostilities, occupation and detention, implementation and enforcement, legal status and protection of humanitarian workers, contemporary challenges.
Description: Principles, approaches, presumptions, types of constructions, legislative process, judicial discretion, law of precedent, delegated legislation, role of language and semiotics, global comparative perspective, contemporary issues.
Learning Outcomes: Recall proficiency in navigating constructions; understand law of precedent; apply global comparative lens; analyse contemporary issues; develop nuanced understanding of different types of statutes.
Topics: Introduction, principles and approaches, presumptions, various types of constructions, legislative process, judicial discretion and activism, various types of statutes, law of precedent, delegated legislation, role of language and semiotics, global comparative perspective, contemporary issues.
Description: Ethical foundations of commerce in Islamic jurisprudence; principles of Islamic finance; sources of Islamic commercial law; contracts in Islamic business law; prohibited transactions (Riba, Gharar); Islamic banking and finance; dispute resolution; consumer protection; corporate social responsibility.
Learning Outcomes: Recall key ethical and legal principles; apply knowledge to identify prohibited transactions; evaluate consumer protection and Islamic banking; create comprehensive understanding of Sharia‑compliant business practices.
Topics: Introduction to Islamic commercial jurisprudence, sources of Islamic commercial law, contracts in Islamic business law, prohibited transactions (Riba, Gharar), Islamic banking and finance, Islamic commercial dispute resolution, consumer protection, ethical guidelines, corporate social responsibility.
Description: Historical context and accession; constitutional frameworks (special autonomy, Article 370); constitutional developments in AJK; Indian‑administered J&K legal status and human rights issues; role of international community; UN resolutions; LoC and ceasefire agreement; right to self‑determination; plebiscite; current legal developments and future prospects.
Learning Outcomes: Recall historical, constitutional and international dimensions; apply knowledge to evaluate UN resolutions and right to self‑determination; analyse constitutional developments; evaluate legal and political dynamics in AJK.
Topics: Historical context and accession, constitutional frameworks (special autonomy and Article 370), constitutional developments in AJK, Indian‑administered J&K, role of international community, UN resolutions, LoC and ceasefire agreement, right to self‑determination, legal perspectives on plebiscite, legal and political dynamics in AJK, current legal developments and future prospects.
Description: Legal and constitutional safeguards for workers’ rights in Pakistan; ILO mission and standards; constitutional guarantees (Articles 3, 11, 14, 16‑19, 23‑25, 27, 31, 37‑38, 240‑242, 253); elimination of discrimination; industrial relations (contract of service, wages, trade unions, collective bargaining, dispute settlement); labour‑management cooperation; social security; judicial remedies.
Learning Outcomes: Recall key legal provisions; apply knowledge to advocate for labour‑management cooperation; evaluate international labour standards; create ability to advocate for workers’ rights.
Topics: International Labour Organisation, constitutional guarantees in Pakistan, elimination of discrimination in employment, industrial relations, labour‑management cooperation, appeals and judicial remedies.
Description: Influence of external considerations on judicial decisions; conceptual framework from Anglo‑American legal theory; case law analysis; constitutionalism and political power; rights, liberties and political freedoms; international law and political dynamics; global governance.
Learning Outcomes: Recall elements of law‑politics relationship; apply conceptual framework to assess external considerations; evaluate permissibility of interference; apply framework to analyse case law.
Topics: Part 1 – Conceptual framework: foundations of legal and political thought, constitutionalism and political power, rights and political freedoms. Part 2 – Critical analysis of case law: case law analysis in political context, international law and political dynamics, global governance and political challenges.
Description: Family law (child marriage, dowry, polygamy, marriage and conjugal rights, divorce, maintenance, succession) and socio‑political issues (state and religion, role of women, armed forces, civilian authority, bureaucracy, judiciary, civil liberties, NGOs, conduct of elections).
Learning Outcomes: Remember concept of marriage; analyse judiciary’s role; examine state‑religion relationship; evaluate evolving role of women.
Topics: Family law: child marriage, dowry, polygamy, marriage and conjugal rights, divorce, maintenance of divorced wives, succession. Socio‑political issues: state and religion, role of women, armed forces, civilian authority and bureaucracy, role of judiciary, civil liberties and NGOs, conduct of elections.
Description: Existing Law of Evidence in Pakistan (Qanun‑e‑Shahadat 1984), Islamic Law of Evidence, English Law of Evidence; recent developments and case laws; legal principles impacting evidentiary rules; comparative study with other legal systems; international perspectives.
Learning Outcomes: Recall key aspects of evidence law; apply knowledge to computations and assessments; analyse Sales Tax Law; evaluate foundations of Zakat and Ushar; synthesise information for holistic comprehension.
Topics: Existing Law of Evidence in Pakistan (Qanun‑e‑Shahadat 1984), Islamic Law of Evidence, English Law of Evidence; recent developments and case laws; legal principles impacting evidentiary rules; comparative study; international perspectives.
Description: Evolution from private to public international unions; League of Nations and United Nations; Security Council, General Assembly, Trusteeship and Mandate Systems; specialised agencies (ILO, ICAO, IBRD, IMF, WHO, etc.); regional institutions (European, American, African, Asian organisations); judicial institutions (Permanent Court of Arbitration, ICJ, regional courts, international criminal courts).
Learning Outcomes: Recall historical evolution; apply knowledge to differentiate League and UN; analyse structure, functions and powers of UN bodies; evaluate role and procedures of UN Secretariat.
Topics: Historical introduction; organisation of general competence (League of Nations, UN, Security Council, General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, Secretariat); organisations of limited competence (specialised agencies); regional institutions (European, American, African, Asian); judicial institutions.
Description: Philosophy, theory and justification of taxation; interpretation of fiscal laws; direct and indirect taxation; Income Tax Law (administration, charge, computation, assessment, recovery, penalties, appeals); Sales Tax Law (charge, assessment, recovery, practical problems); Zakat and Ushar; Federal Excise Law.
Learning Outcomes: Recall key aspects of taxation; apply knowledge to computations and assessments; analyse Sales Tax Law; evaluate Zakat and Ushar; create holistic comprehension of taxation laws.
Topics: Introductory (philosophy, theory, statutory obligation, interpretation, direct/indirect); Income Tax Law; Law of Sales Tax; Zakat and Ushar; Federal Excise Law.
Description: Pre‑independence era (colonial legal systems, landmark reforms, legal figures); partition and independence (formation of Pakistan and India, constitution‑making, integration of legal systems); post‑independence legal landscape (constitutional evolution, land reforms, legal challenges); contemporary developments (human rights, judicial activism, legal reforms, international relations). Special reference: property, mercantile law, derelict and crime, taxation, constitutional structure, judicial system, civil liberties, family laws.
Learning Outcomes: Recall key elements of legal history; apply knowledge to understand impact on constitutional development; analyse contemporary developments; evaluate significance of key legal developments.
Topics: Pre‑Independence Era (colonial legal systems, landmark reforms, legal figures); Partition and Independence (formation of Pakistan and India, constitution‑making, integration); Post‑Independence Legal Landscape (constitutional evolution, land reforms, legal challenges); Contemporary Legal Developments (human rights, judicial activism, legal reforms, international relations); Comparative Legal Analysis; special reference topics.
Description: Principles, conventions and legal intricacies governing maritime activities; law of the sea; vessel ownership and registration; carriage of goods by sea; maritime insurance; maritime liens and salvage; collision and marine casualties; limitation of liability; environmental regulation; arbitration and dispute resolution.
Learning Outcomes: Understand historical development and key principles; demonstrate knowledge of limitation of liability; analyse carriage of goods; evaluate environmental regulations.
Topics: Introduction, law of the sea, vessel ownership and registration, carriage of goods by sea, maritime insurance, maritime liens and salvage, collision and marine casualties, limitation of liability, environmental regulation, arbitration and dispute resolution.
Description: Fundamental principles, notions and sources of international law; subjects of international law; sources; fundamentals (sovereign equality, prohibition of force, non‑intervention); state responsibility; settlement of international disputes.
Learning Outcomes: Understand peaceful settlement mechanisms; analyse state responsibility; evaluate subjects of international law; develop in‑depth knowledge of fundamental principles and doctrines.
Topics: Introduction to the international legal system, subjects of international law, sources of international law, fundamentals of international law, state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts, settlement of international disputes.
Description: International legal framework (Refugee Convention 1951 and protocol), national legal frameworks, human rights implications, forced displacement (IDPs), detention and deportation, integration and resettlement, statelessness, global governance, regional agreements, emerging issues (climate‑induced displacement, technology impact).
Learning Outcomes: Understand legal distinctions between refugees and migrants; analyse international and national frameworks; evaluate human rights implications; grasp integration and resettlement policies.
Topics: Introduction, Refugee Convention 1951 and protocol, national legal frameworks, human rights implications, forced displacement, detention and deportation, integration and resettlement, statelessness, global governance, regional agreements, emerging issues.
Description: Impact of Aristotle on social and legal philosophy; concepts of law, justice, equity; post‑Aristotle developments and schools of thought; modern trends in legal philosophy; international law in jurisprudence; law of nature as propounded by different schools.
Learning Outcomes: Recall pre‑Aristotle developments; analyse Aristotle’s contributions; navigate post‑Aristotle developments and schools; develop perspectives on law of nature.
Topics: Pre‑Aristotle developments; Aristotle (social & legal philosophy); law, justice, equity; post‑Aristotle and legal philosophy; different schools of thought; modern trends; international law in jurisprudence; law of nature as propounded by different schools.
Essential ingredients of thesis proposal: Title page, table of contents, thesis statement, statement of problem/significance, literature review, framing of legal issues, research methodology, tentative outline, select bibliography.
Format: Alignment justified, font size 12, double spacing. Footnotes: size 10, special indentation 0.5”. Bibliography: hanging indentation, font size 12, double spacing. Citation style: Chicago Manual of Style (preferred). Avoid plagiarism; give references.
For more details, refer to Thesis Handbook by Professor Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee and thesis manual on UAJ&K website.
Non‑Muslim students shall opt for a two‑credit hour course from interdisciplinary courses as a substitute requirement for Fehm‑e‑Quran courses (ISL‑711 and ISL‑721), which are compulsory for Muslim students.